SERIES B --- A CHOSEN PEOPLE --- LESSON 16

AN ACT OF FAITH

FAMINE!

From Genesis 41:46-42:17

At the age of thirty, Joseph had become governor of all Egypt. Only Pharaoh had more power in Egypt than he. Thus, he went from Pharaoh’s presence and travelled throughout the land. During the next seven years the land produced an abundance of grain. Joseph collected a part of that grain and put it in the storehouses built in the cities. He gathered so much grain that he stopped recording the amount for it was too much to write into his records. Before the famine came Joseph and Asenath had two sons. The older son was named Manasseh, which meant [Making to Forget,] for YHVH had helped Joseph forget the troubles of his younger years and the rejection by his family. The younger son was Ephraim, [To Be Fruitful,] for YHVH had helped Joseph be fruitful in the strange land which had brought him so much trouble. As time passed, the seven years of abundance came to an end and the seven years of famine began, as Joseph had told Pharaoh they would. There was famine everywhere, even in the lands that surrounded Egypt. When the people of Egypt grew hungry, they pleaded with Pharaoh to give them food. [Talk to Joseph,] he told them. [Do whatever he tells you.] As the famine crept over that part of the world, Joseph opened the storehouses and sold grain to all who came, both Egyptians and foreigners. Many came to buy grain from Joseph, for the famine was severe everywhere. About this time, Jacob heard that there was grain in Egypt. [Why do you stand there, staring at one another?] he asked his sons. [Why don’t you go down to Egypt and buy grain for us so that we don’t starve?] Joseph’s ten older brothers went to Egypt to buy grain. Jacob would not let Benjamin go with them, for he was afraid of losing Rachel’s second child. Thus, the sons of Israel were among many who came from Canaan, for the famine had stretched across the land. As governor of all Egypt, Joseph was in charge of the sale of grain. Therefore, his brothers came to him to buy, bowing their foreheads to the ground before him. Of course, Joseph knew them at once and remembered his dreams of years ago. However, they did not recognize him so he pretended not to know them. [Where is your home?] he asked. [Canaan,] they answered. [We want to buy grain.] [No! You are spies!] he answered. [You have come to see where our land is weak!] [But we haven’t!] the ten protested. [We are honest men, all sons of one man. We have come to buy grain, not to spy the land.] [You are looking for weak places in the land,] Joseph insisted, hoping that they would say more to defend themselves. [We are twelve brothers,] they said. [The youngest brother is home in Canaan with our father and one is dead.] [Now you may prove that you are not spies!] said Joseph. [You shall not leave Egypt until your youngest brother is brought before me. One of you must go home to get him while the rest of you stay here in prison. Thus, you can prove what you say and I will know if you are honest or not. Otherwise, I will know that you are spies!] Then Joseph put them all in prison for three days.

COMMENTARY

PLANTING AND HARVESTING IN ANCIENT EGYPT

The first seven years of Joseph’s rule in Egypt were marked by abundant crops. Joseph drove the nation to construct great storage buildings to collect the surplus food. He was convinced that YHVH’s warning of famine was trustworthy. Joseph’s act of faith would preserve Egypt. And it would be the means YHVH used to provide food for the family of Israel as well. The farming cycle in ancient Egypt had three periods: inundation or flooding; growth; and harvest. All farming came to a standstill during the months of September, October and November; the months of inundation. Every year during this time, the Nile River overflowed its banks and flooded the land. Since there was almost no rainfall in Egypt, the flooding brought necessary moisture to the land, rock-hard after the sweltering summer. When the waters receded to their normal depth, they left behind a rich layer of silt that made the land extremely fertile. If the flooding did not happen, as during the years of the [low Nile,] the people faced months of famine. Such dependence on the yearly overflowing of the Nile for the fruits of the land remains true in modern Egypt. If more water was needed in the fields, the Egyptians had to use irrigation; they brought the water to the land themselves. They dug wells and trenches around the fields to supply the water. Otherwise, water was carried to the field pail by pail. By early December, the Nile had receded. The sun’s heat had diminished and; as the ancient Egyptians called it; [the fields are out.] The busiest season of the farming year began. It was time for ploughing, hoeing and sowing. The Egyptian plough was light and made of wood. It was hard to use and made the job of turning over the soil clumsy and difficult. Sometimes it was possible to skip this step and go directly into hoeing, which would break the great clods of mud into smaller pieces of earth. If the field lay close to the Nile, the farmer could also skip this step and plant the seeds directly without preparing the soil first. Whenever the field was sowed; either after ploughing or hoeing or immediately; it had to be done quickly, because the soil tended to dry up very fast. The sewer led the way, scattering seeds as he walked. Behind him came animals; usually pigs or sheep; whose hooves would trample the seed into the ground. The time for harvest was March or April. The reapers, using short sickles, would move through the fields cutting the grain. Behind them came the men or women who gathered the cut grain. The crop was then tied into sheaves and taken by donkey to be threshed. Donkeys or oxen walked on the sheaves, and their hooves loosened the grain from the stalks. The grain was then run through a sieve. After this, it was winnowed, usually by women. With long bent wooden forks, they tossed the grain into the air. The wind blew away the chaff, and the heavier, useful grain remained. This way of winnowing remains unchanged in the Middle East and in many places, it is still the job of women. The ancient Egyptians then sent a sample of the grain to the master for his approval. Another portion was given to the temple as an offering to be used by the priests for food. Two officials arrived when all was done; the [scribe of the granary] and the “measurer of the corn.” They measured the grain and recorded the amount taken to the granary for storage. Once again, the fields lay idle, turning to desert under the hot sun. The Nile River would return again, bringing flood and fertility into the land.