SERIES E --- YHVH’S LAWS --- LESSON 01 --- PART 2

COMMENTARY

THE TRIBES OF ISRAEL
These twelve symbols were often used on the Israelites’ banners. At their stops on the way to the Promised Land, each banner was raised at the place where that tribe was to pitch its tents. No one is sure what these banners looked like.

REUBEN
As the sons and grandsons of Israel increased in number, the Israelites soon needed a way to symbolize each tribe. The symbols identifying the twelve tribes of Israel were taken from Jacob’s blessing of his sons before his death. This blessing is recorded in the forty-ninth chapter of Genesis. Reuben was Jacob’s firstborn son. In his blessing, Jacob referred to him as the {first fruits} of his youth. First fruits are the first of a ripened crop in a harvest season. So, the tribe of Reuben is represented by a branch with leaves.

SIMEON
Simeon was Jacob’s second son. His mother Leah named him Simeon, which means, {YHVH had heard that I was hated.} {Jacob’s favourite wife was Rachel, not Leah.} When the people of Israel arrived in Canaan, the tribe of Simeon received a territory in the north-western part of the Negeb desert. The Negeb desert area contained only nineteen towns and all of these were in the portion of land given to the tribe of Judah. So, the tribe of Simeon settled in very small groups, protecting themselves from Bedouin thieves with city walls. This perhaps is the reason that Simeon is sometimes represented by the picture of a walled town.

LEVI
The priestly tribe of Levi had a special place in Israelite life. The Levites were responsible for the care of the tabernacle and always pitched their tents closest to it. Their symbol shows two snakes twined around a pole. This represents the pole that held up the bronze serpent which Moses made to heal the people from poisonous snakebites. Adonai had sent this plague to punish them for complaining. This symbol has become a sign for healing used by doctors today.

JUDAH
In his blessing, Jacob prophesied that Judah would become the strongest of all the tribes and would be the one to supply Israel with rulers. David was the first to be named king from this tribe. In the end, the sceptre will be given to the King of kings Yeshua Moshiach, Who also came from the family of David and the tribe of Judah. The royal symbol of the Lion of Judah is a well-known and favourite one. This tribe eventually gave its name to all the people of Israel, who came to be called Jews.

ISSACHAR
In Jacob’s blessing, Issachar was compared to a strong donkey and told that he would be given good land in Canaan but would {become a slave.} This tribe lived in fertile land by the Sea of Galilee, but most likely had to pay tribute to their neighbours to be left in peace. The two symbols for this tribe were a donkey and a sun and moon.

ZEBULON
The Israelites’ neighbours used totems to identify their different tribes. A totem was usually a certain animal chosen by a specific tribe to worship. The tribe used that animal as a symbol on its banners and on the staff carried by the tribal leader. But Adonai YHVH had forbidden His people to make any such images. So, the identification of the tribes of Israel came from the word pictures in the blessing of Jacob’s sons. Zebulon was compared to a ship, perhaps because originally, that tribe’s territory in Canaan was to be along the seashore. But actually, the tribe of Zebulon settled in the land next to the tribe of Issachar. This land was at least ten miles from the northern seacoast of Israel.

DAN
The Bible mentions only one son of Dan in its list of the migration of Jacob’s family into Egypt. But at the time of the Exodus, the tribe of Dan numbered over sixty-two thousand. The name Dan means, {YHVH has judged me.} Rachel named her maid’s son Dan because she felt YHVH had given her a son through her maid, since Rachel herself had none. One of the signs for this tribe is the balancing scale of justice. Many of Israel’s judges came from the tribe of Dan. Probably the most famous judge from this tribe was the mighty Samson.

NAPHTALI
When Adonai commanded Moses to take a census of the people of Israel, He assigned Moses a long and complicated task. The Israelite leaders were to count only the men who were twenty years of age and older. (This was the youngest age a man could be to go to war.) Imagine counting six hundred thousand people! The tribe of Naphtali alone had over fifty thousand men. Jacob compared Naphtali to a deer running freely over the hills. So, this tribe used a deer symbol. Perhaps Naphtali lived in the hills and valleys on the east side of the Sea of Galilee.

GAD
The name of Jacob’s son Gad is interpreted in English as {A Raiding Troop.} Jacob made a pun on this name when he said, [Raiders will come and raid Gad, but he will raid them in return.] The symbol for Gad is a camp of tents that a troop on a raid would stay in overnight. When the Israelites arrived in Canaan, Gad received one of the most beautiful pieces of land there. East of the Jordan, this land stretched from the Dead Sea to the Sea of Galilee. Elijah the prophet grew up in Gilead in the land of the tribe of Gad.

ASHER
Like Rachel, Leah also took her maid’s sons to be her own. When Leah’s maid had her second son, Leah named him Asher, which means, {I am happy!} When Jacob blessed this son, he told him he would produce rich and tasty food. This prophecy came to life when the tribe of Asher was given the northern seacoast in the Promised Land. This land is very fertile with grain and olive trees. This is how the tribe of Asher came to have the olive tree as its symbol.

EPHRAIM AND MANASSEH
Since Joseph was Jacob’s favourite son, he received the longest and warmest blessing of all. Instead of having one {tribe of Joseph,} this son became the ancestor of two tribes, named after his two sons Ephraim and Manasseh. Ephraim’s land in Palestine covered the central, wooded hills. These hills were thought to hide wild creatures like unicorns. So, the tribe of Ephraim was shown as a unicorn Manasseh was given a region that included the territory called Bashan. Bashan was famous for its bulls. The symbol for Manasseh was a bull.

BENJAMIN
Jacob’s wife Rachel died while she was giving birth to her second son. With her dying breath, she named him Ben-oni, which meant, {Son of My Sorrow.} But Jacob renamed the baby Ben-jamin, which meant, {Son of My Right Hand.} When Jacob blessed Benjamin, he compared him to a prowling wolf. This son must have been quite an unruly and hot-tempered person! This is why the symbol for the tribe of Jacob’s youngest son is shown as a wolf. From the tribe of Benjamin came two famous Saul’s, the first king of Israel and the great apostle of Yeshua Moshiach who changed his name to Paul.

SERIES E --- YHVH’S LAWS --- LESSON 01 --- PART 1

THE PEOPLE NUMBERED

A CENSUS OF THE MEN OF WAR

From Numbers 1

More than a year had passed since the people of Israel left Egypt. On the fifteenth day of April, the first day of the second month, while Moses was in the tabernacle in the Wilderness of Sinai, Adonai gave him special orders. Count all the men who are at least twenty years old, those eligible for service when you must go to war, Adonai ordered. Take the census by tribe and family. The leaders of each tribe will help you and Aaron with this census. Here are the names of the leaders chosen from each tribe:

From the tribe of Reuben, Elizur the son of Shedeur.
From Simeon, Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai.
From Judah, Nahshon the son of Amminadab.
From Issachar, Nethaneel the son of Zuar.
From Zebulun, Eliab the son of Helon.
From the tribe of Joseph’s son Ephraim, Elishama the son of Ammihud.
From the tribe of Joseph’s son Manasseh, Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur.
From Benjamin, Abidan the son of Gideoni.
From Dan, Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai.
From Asher, Pagiel the son of Ocran.
From Gad, Eliasaph the son of Deuel.
From Naphtali, Ahira the son of Enan.

These men, all respected leaders of thousands in their tribes, were chosen by YHVH to assist Moses and Aaron with the census. They gathered with Moses and Aaron that day and summoned the men who were at least twenty years old, registering them by tribe and family names. All the men who were eligible for military service were registered, as Adonai had Commanded Moses. Moses numbered the men there in the Wilderness of Sinai. Each tribe had the following number of men of military age, registered by families and clans:

The tribe of Reuben, Jacob’s oldest son, 46,500.
The tribe of Simeon, 59,300.
The tribe of Gad, 45,650.
The tribe of Judah, 74,600.
The tribe of Issachar, 54,400.
The tribe of Zebulun, 57,400.
The tribe of Joseph’s son Ephraim, 40,500.
The tribe of Joseph’s son Manasseh, 32,200.
The tribe of Benjamin, 35,400.
The tribe of Dan, 62,700.
The tribe of Asher, 41,500.
The tribe of Naphtali, 53,400.

Altogether six hundred and three thousand, five hundred and fifty men, at least twenty years old, were registered for military service by Moses and Aaron and the twelve leaders who represented their twelve tribes. The Levites were excluded from this census, for Adonai had Instructed Moses; do not include the men of the tribe of Levi in this census. Instead, appoint the Levites to be in charge of the tabernacle and its furnishings and its services. They will carry the tabernacle and its furnishings when it is moved; and they will be in charge of it. When it is set up, they will camp next to it. Whenever the tabernacle is moved, the Levites must dismantle it and set it up again. Anyone else who handles the tabernacle must be put to death. The other tribes of Israel will camp in assigned places around the tabernacle, each tribe with its own standard. The camp of the Levites will immediately surround the tabernacle, thus separating the tribes of Israel from YHVH’s holy tabernacle, lest YHVH’s judgment fall on them for their sins. The people of Israel did all that Adonai Commanded through Moses.

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Peter's speech to the Sanhedrin in Acts 5:29-32 was much bolder than before. No more circumlocution: "You killed #yeshua, but God raised him from the dead and made him to be the Savior of all Israel." Whereas before Peter had hinted about the resurrection, this time he laid it all out. Of course, the Sadducees were enraged and wanted to kill him. Pride usually responds to direct confrontation with violence.

When they heard this, they were enraged and wanted to kill them.
Acts 5:33

And when they had brought them, they set them before the council. And the high priest questioned them...
Acts 5:27

The high priest in Acts 5 carefully avoided mentioning the Apostles' escape from jail. If it was a miracle, he didn't want to know. If it was a plot by the guards, he must have been terrified of a general mutiny. Everyone but the Apostles was afraid. The priests were afraid of the guards, who were afraid of the people, who were afraid of the Apostles.

SERIES D --- YHVH’S TABERNACLE --- LESSON 19

HOLY OR UNHOLY?

THE DEATH OF NADAB AND ABIHU

From Leviticus 10

One day two of Aaron’s sons, Nadab and Abihu, offered to Adonai a strange fire which was against His Commandments. When they presented this strange fire with incense to Him, flames poured forth from Adonai and burned them until they died. This is what Adonai meant when He said, ‘I will show My Holiness to those who are near Me and My glory to all the people,’ Moses told Aaron. Aaron had nothing to say in return. Then Moses summoned Mishael and Elzaphan, Aaron’s cousins, sons of Aaron’s uncle Uzziel. Carry the bodies of your relatives from the tabernacle and take them outside the camp, he commanded. They went to the tabernacle and carried them in their coats as Moses had instructed them to do. You must not mourn by letting your hair hang loose or tearing your clothing, Moses warned Aaron and his other sons, Eleazar and Ithamar. If you do, Adonai may also punish you with death and send His wrath upon the people of Israel. However, the other people of Israel may mourn the death of Nadab and Abihu because of the awesome fire Adonai sent. Also, you must not leave the tabernacle yet, for Adonai’s anointing oil is upon you. Aaron and his other two sons did what Moses commanded. You and your sons must never drink wine or strong drink when you go to the tabernacle to minister to Me, Adonai told Aaron. If you do, I will punish you with death. This will be a continuous Law for you and your descendants. In your work you must help the people distinguish between holy and common, between clean and unclean. You must teach the people of Israel all the Commandments which I gave to you through Moses. Moses said to Aaron and his two surviving sons, Eleazar and Ithamar. After you have burned the handful of grain to Adonai in the cereal offering, take what is left and eat it beside the altar. But be sure that it has no leaven in it. This is a most holy offering, so you must eat it in a holy place, for this belongs to you and your sons, given to you from Adonai’s burnt offerings. You may eat the breast that is waved and the thigh that is offered in any clean place. This is food provided for you and your sons and daughters. It is yours, given to you from the peace offerings of the people of Israel. The people must bring the thigh for the heave offering and the breast for the wave offering, as well as the fat to be burned in the fire and these must he waved before Adonai. After this ceremony, the meat belongs to you and your sons, for this are what Adonai has Commanded. When Moses searched diligently for the goat to be used for a sin offering, he could not find it. He discovered that it had been burned and was very angry with Aaron’s two surviving sons, Eleazar and Ithamar. Why didn’t you eat the sin offering in the tabernacle? Moses demanded. It is most holy and YHVH gave it to you to take away the sins of the people, to atone for them in Adonai’s presence. Its blood has not been taken into the tabernacle. You should have eaten it there as I told you to. Then Aaron talked to Moses about this. My sons have offered their sin offering and burnt offering to Adonai, he said. But would Adonai really have been pleased if I had eaten the sin offering on such a day as this; a day terrible tragedy has happened to me? When Moses heard this, he was content.

COMMENTARY

WAVE AND HEAVE OFFERING

The Israelites sacrificed offerings to YHVH in many different ways. In some, the priest made special movements after the animal was slain. One ritual was called the wave offering, the other the heave offering. In the wave offering, the owner of the sacrificed animal held certain parts of it up to YHVH. The priest put his own hands beneath the person’s hands and both of them moved the sacrifice rhythmically up and down and from side to side. This {waving} of the sacrifice before YHVH was done right after the required prayer of repentance or of praise. After the fat of the animal was burned on the altar, the priest removed certain other parts and waved them before YHVH. Some of them were then given back to the owner and his family. The sacrificer had to cook and eat his returned portion with his family, guests, the poor and the Levites within two days of the sacrifice. After that, the uneaten portion was to be burned as unclean. The priest kept parts of the sacrificed animal for himself, like the breast and right thigh. During the ceremony, he would {heave} or lift up, his pieces into the air to show that he was offering them to YHVH and that YHVH was returning them to him. The priest too, had to eat his parts of the animal in a certain period of time. But he needed to share them only with his family in any ritually clean place. Other kinds of sacrifices given to him had to be consumed in the sanctuary of the tabernacle. Sometimes cake and flour mixed with oil and sprinkled with frankincense were also waved before Adonai. The priest received some part of these offerings as well.